如何使用 cURL 编写自动化测试脚本？ - 面试题

cURL 是编写 API 自动化测试脚本的强大工具，配合 Shell 脚本可以实现完整的测试流程，包括测试执行、结果验证和报告生成。

基础测试脚本结构

bash
#!/bin/bash
# 基础 API 测试脚本

API_BASE="https://api.example.com/v1"
TOKEN="your_bearer_token"
PASSED=0
FAILED=0

# 测试函数
run_test() {
    local name="$1"
    local expected_status="$2"
    shift 2
    
    echo "Running test: $name"
    
    # 执行请求并获取状态码
    status=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" "$@")
    
    if [ "$status" = "$expected_status" ]; then
        echo "✅ PASS: $name (Status: $status)"
        ((PASSED++))
    else
        echo "❌ FAIL: $name (Expected: $expected_status, Got: $status)"
        ((FAILED++))
    fi
}

# 执行测试
run_test "GET users" 200 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$API_BASE/users"
run_test "GET user by ID" 200 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$API_BASE/users/1"
run_test "POST create user" 201 -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name":"test"}' "$API_BASE/users"
run_test "DELETE user" 204 -X DELETE -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" "$API_BASE/users/999"

# 输出结果
echo ""
echo "Test Results:"
echo "  Passed: $PASSED"
echo "  Failed: $FAILED"
echo "  Total: $((PASSED + FAILED))"

exit $FAILED

响应内容验证

bash
#!/bin/bash
# 响应内容验证测试

API_BASE="https://api.example.com/v1"
TOKEN="your_bearer_token"

# JSON 验证函数
assert_json_field() {
    local response="$1"
    local field="$2"
    local expected="$3"
    
    actual=$(echo "$response" | jq -r "$field")
    if [ "$actual" = "$expected" ]; then
        echo "✅ PASS: Field $field = $expected"
        return 0
    else
        echo "❌ FAIL: Field $field expected '$expected', got '$actual'"
        return 1
    fi
}

# 测试用户 API
echo "Testing User API..."

# 创建用户
response=$(curl -s -X POST \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{"name":"张三","email":"zhangsan@example.com"}' \
    "$API_BASE/users")

# 验证响应
assert_json_field "$response" ".name" "张三"
assert_json_field "$response" ".email" "zhangsan@example.com"
assert_json_field "$response" ".status" "active"

# 验证响应包含特定字段
if echo "$response" | jq -e '.id' > /dev/null; then
    echo "✅ PASS: Response contains 'id' field"
else
    echo "❌ FAIL: Response missing 'id' field"
fi

性能测试脚本

bash
#!/bin/bash
# API 性能测试脚本

API_URL="https://api.example.com/v1/users"
TOKEN="your_bearer_token"
CONCURRENT=10
REQUESTS=100

# 单请求性能测试
echo "Single Request Performance:"
curl -w "
DNS Lookup: %{time_namelookup}s
TCP Connect: %{time_connect}s
SSL Handshake: %{time_appconnect}s
TTFB: %{time_starttransfer}s
Total Time: %{time_total}s
Size: %{size_download} bytes
Speed: %{speed_download} bytes/s
" \
    -o /dev/null -s \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    "$API_URL"

# 并发性能测试
echo ""
echo "Concurrent Load Test ($CONCURRENT concurrent, $REQUESTS total):"

start_time=$(date +%s)

# 使用 xargs 进行并发请求
seq $REQUESTS | xargs -P $CONCURRENT -I {} \
    curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code},%{time_total}\n" \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    "$API_URL" > results.txt

end_time=$(date +%s)
duration=$((end_time - start_time))

# 分析结果
echo "Results Analysis:"
echo "  Total Time: ${duration}s"
echo "  Requests/sec: $(echo "scale=2; $REQUESTS / $duration" | bc)"
echo "  Success Rate: $(grep -c "^200" results.txt) / $REQUESTS"
echo "  Avg Response Time: $(awk -F',' '{sum+=$2; count++} END {print sum/count}' results.txt)s"

rm results.txt

集成测试流程

bash
#!/bin/bash
# 完整集成测试流程

set -e  # 遇到错误立即退出

API_BASE="https://api.example.com/v1"
TOKEN="your_bearer_token"
TEST_USER_ID=""

echo "========== API Integration Tests =========="

# 1. 健康检查
echo "1. Health Check"
curl -sf "$API_BASE/health" | jq -e '.status == "ok"'
echo "✅ Health check passed"

# 2. 创建测试数据
echo ""
echo "2. Create Test User"
response=$(curl -s -X POST \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{"name":"Test User","email":"test@example.com"}' \
    "$API_BASE/users")

TEST_USER_ID=$(echo "$response" | jq -r '.id')
echo "✅ Created user with ID: $TEST_USER_ID"

# 3. 验证创建
echo ""
echo "3. Verify User Creation"
curl -sf -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    "$API_BASE/users/$TEST_USER_ID" | jq -e '.name == "Test User"'
echo "✅ User verified"

# 4. 更新操作
echo ""
echo "4. Update User"
curl -s -X PATCH \
    -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{"name":"Updated Name"}' \
    "$API_BASE/users/$TEST_USER_ID" | jq -e '.name == "Updated Name"'
echo "✅ User updated"

# 5. 删除测试数据
echo ""
echo "5. Cleanup"
curl -s -X DELETE -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
    "$API_BASE/users/$TEST_USER_ID"
echo "✅ Test user deleted"

echo ""
echo "========== All Tests Passed =========="

测试报告生成

bash
#!/bin/bash
# 生成 HTML 测试报告

API_BASE="https://api.example.com/v1"
TOKEN="your_bearer_token"
REPORT_FILE="test-report.html"

# 初始化报告
cat > "$REPORT_FILE" << 'EOF'
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>API Test Report</title>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
        .pass { color: green; }
        .fail { color: red; }
        table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }
        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 8px; text-align: left; }
        th { background-color: #4CAF50; color: white; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>API Test Report</h1>
    <p>Generated: $(date)</p>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Test Name</th>
            <th>Method</th>
            <th>Status</th>
            <th>Duration</th>
            <th>Result</th>
        </tr>
EOF

# 执行测试并记录结果
run_test() {
    local name="$1"
    local method="$2"
    local url="$3"
    shift 3
    
    start=$(date +%s.%N)
    response=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" "$@" "$url")
    end=$(date +%s.%N)
    
    http_code=$(echo "$response" | tail -1)
    duration=$(echo "$end - $start" | bc)
    
    if [ "$http_code" = "200" ] || [ "$http_code" = "201" ]; then
        result="<span class='pass'>PASS</span>"
    else
        result="<span class='fail'>FAIL</span>"
    fi
    
    echo "<tr>
        <td>$name</td>
        <td>$method</td>
        <td>$http_code</td>
        <td>${duration}s</td>
        <td>$result</td>
    </tr>" >> "$REPORT_FILE"
}

# 执行测试
run_test "List Users" "GET" "$API_BASE/users" -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
run_test "Get User" "GET" "$API_BASE/users/1" -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
run_test "Create User" "POST" "$API_BASE/users" -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name":"test"}'

# 完成报告
echo "</table></body></html>" >> "$REPORT_FILE"

echo "Report generated: $REPORT_FILE"

CI/CD 集成

bash
#!/bin/bash
# CI/CD 集成测试脚本

API_BASE="${API_BASE:-https://api.example.com/v1}"
TOKEN="${API_TOKEN}"
EXIT_CODE=0

# 颜色定义
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
NC='\033[0m'

# 测试执行器
execute_test() {
    local description="$1"
    local command="$2"
    local expected="$3"
    
    echo "Testing: $description"
    
    result=$(eval "$command")
    
    if [ "$result" = "$expected" ]; then
        echo -e "${GREEN}✓ PASS${NC}"
    else
        echo -e "${RED}✗ FAIL${NC}"
        echo "  Expected: $expected"
        echo "  Got: $result"
        EXIT_CODE=1
    fi
}

# 运行测试
echo "========== Running API Tests =========="

execute_test "API Health Check" \
    "curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' $API_BASE/health" \
    "200"

execute_test "Authentication Required" \
    "curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' $API_BASE/users" \
    "401"

execute_test "List Users with Auth" \
    "curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' -H 'Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN' $API_BASE/users" \
    "200"

# 输出结果
echo ""
if [ $EXIT_CODE -eq 0 ]; then
    echo -e "${GREEN}All tests passed!${NC}"
else
    echo -e "${RED}Some tests failed!${NC}"
fi

exit $EXIT_CODE

最佳实践

模块化设计：将测试函数和配置分离
错误处理：使用 set -e 或显式检查返回值
日志记录：保存详细日志便于调试
环境配置：使用环境变量管理不同环境
报告生成：生成可读性强的测试报告
CI 集成：确保脚本能在 CI/CD 环境中运行