Nginx 如何处理动态内容？有哪些配置方式？

Nginx 如何处理动态内容？有哪些配置方式？

Nginx 本身不处理动态内容，而是通过 FastCGI、uWSGI、SCGI 等协议将请求转发给后端应用服务器处理。

FastCGI 配置（PHP）：

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html;
    
    # PHP 文件处理
    location ~ \.php$ {
        try_files $uri =404;
        
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        
        # FastCGI 参数
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
        fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
        fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
        fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
        
        include fastcgi_params;
        
        # 超时设置
        fastcgi_connect_timeout 60s;
        fastcgi_send_timeout 60s;
        fastcgi_read_timeout 60s;
        
        # 缓冲区设置
        fastcgi_buffer_size 4k;
        fastcgi_buffers 8 4k;
    }
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
}

uWSGI 配置（Python）：

nginx
upstream django_backend {
    server unix:/var/run/uwsgi/app.sock;
    server 127.0.0.1:8000;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass django_backend;
        include uwsgi_params;
        
        # uWSGI 参数
        uwsgi_param UWSGI_SCHEME $scheme;
        uwsgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
        uwsgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
        
        # 超时设置
        uwsgi_connect_timeout 60s;
        uwsgi_send_timeout 60s;
        uwsgi_read_timeout 60s;
        
        # 缓冲区设置
        uwsgi_buffering on;
        uwsgi_buffer_size 4k;
        uwsgi_buffers 8 4k;
    }
    
    # 静态文件
    location /static/ {
        alias /var/www/html/static/;
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

SCGI 配置（Ruby）：

nginx
upstream rails_backend {
    server unix:/var/run/scgi/rails.sock;
    server 127.0.0.1:9000;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    location / {
        scgi_pass rails_backend;
        include scgi_params;
        
        # SCGI 参数
        scgi_param SCGI 1;
        scgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;
        
        # 超时设置
        scgi_connect_timeout 60s;
        scgi_send_timeout 60s;
        scgi_read_timeout 60s;
    }
}

HTTP 代理配置：

nginx
upstream nodejs_backend {
    server 127.0.0.1:3000;
    server 127.0.0.1:3001;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://nodejs_backend;
        
        # 代理头设置
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        
        # 超时设置
        proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
        proxy_send_timeout 60s;
        proxy_read_timeout 60s;
        
        # 缓冲区设置
        proxy_buffering on;
        proxy_buffer_size 4k;
        proxy_buffers 8 4k;
        
        # WebSocket 支持
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
    }
}

FastCGI 缓存：

nginx
# 定义 FastCGI 缓存
fastcgi_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi levels=1:2 keys_zone=fastcgi_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m;

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    location ~ \.php$ {
        try_files $uri =404;
        
        # 启用 FastCGI 缓存
        fastcgi_cache fastcgi_cache;
        fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m;
        fastcgi_cache_valid 404 1m;
        fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        
        # 缓存跳过条件
        fastcgi_cache_bypass $skip_cache;
        fastcgi_no_cache $skip_cache;
        
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        
        # 添加缓存状态头
        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
    }
}

动态内容负载均衡：

nginx
upstream php_backend {
    least_conn;
    server 192.168.1.100:9000 weight=3;
    server 192.168.1.101:9000 weight=2;
    server 192.168.1.102:9000 weight=1;
    keepalive 32;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass php_backend;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

动态内容压缩：

nginx
http {
    # 启用 Gzip 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript 
               application/json application/javascript 
               application/xml application/rss+xml;
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;
        
        root /var/www/html;
        
        location ~ \.php$ {
            fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
        }
    }
}

动态内容安全：

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    # 禁止访问敏感文件
    location ~* \.(htaccess|htpasswd|ini|log|sh|sql|bak|old|swp|tmp)$ {
        deny all;
        access_log off;
    }
    
    # PHP 文件处理
    location ~ \.php$ {
        # 防止 PHP 文件上传执行
        if ($request_filename ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico)$) {
            return 403;
        }
        
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        
        # 限制请求大小
        client_max_body_size 10m;
    }
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
}

动态内容监控：

nginx
# 自定义日志格式
log_format dynamic '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                  '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
                  '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                  'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                  'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time" '
                  'cache=$upstream_cache_status';

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/html;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/dynamic.log dynamic;
    
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        
        # 添加性能头
        add_header X-Response-Time $request_time;
        add_header X-Upstream-Time $upstream_response_time;
    }
}

完整动态内容配置示例：

nginx
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;

http {
    # FastCGI 缓存
    fastcgi_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi levels=1:2 keys_zone=fastcgi_cache:10m max_size=1g inactive=60m;
    
    # Gzip 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript 
               application/json application/javascript 
               application/xml application/rss+xml;
    
    # 日志格式
    log_format dynamic '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                      '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
                      '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                      'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                      'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time" '
                      'cache=$upstream_cache_status';
    
    # PHP 后端
    upstream php_backend {
        least_conn;
        server 192.168.1.100:9000;
        server 192.168.1.101:9000;
        keepalive 32;
    }
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;
        
        root /var/www/html;
        index index.php index.html;
        
        access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log dynamic;
        error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log warn;
        
        # 禁止访问敏感文件
        location ~* \.(htaccess|htpasswd|ini|log|sh|sql|bak|old|swp|tmp)$ {
            deny all;
            access_log off;
        }
        
        # 静态资源
        location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
            expires 1y;
            add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
            access_log off;
        }
        
        # PHP 文件处理
        location ~ \.php$ {
            try_files $uri =404;
            
            # 启用缓存
            fastcgi_cache fastcgi_cache;
            fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m;
            fastcgi_cache_valid 404 1m;
            fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
            
            fastcgi_pass php_backend;
            fastcgi_index index.php;
            fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include fastcgi_params;
            
            # 超时设置
            fastcgi_connect_timeout 60s;
            fastcgi_send_timeout 60s;
            fastcgi_read_timeout 60s;
            
            # 缓冲区设置
            fastcgi_buffer_size 4k;
            fastcgi_buffers 8 4k;
            
            # 添加缓存状态头
            add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
            add_header X-Response-Time $request_time;
            add_header X-Upstream-Time $upstream_response_time;
        }
        
        # 主路由
        location / {
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
        }
    }
}

动态内容处理最佳实践：

1. 使用缓存：启用 FastCGI 缓存减少后端负载
2. 负载均衡：使用 upstream 实现负载均衡
3. 合理超时：根据业务需求设置超时时间
4. 缓冲区优化：调整缓冲区大小提升性能
5. 压缩响应：启用 Gzip 压缩减少传输数据
6. 安全配置：防止文件上传执行和敏感文件访问
7. 监控性能：记录响应时间和缓存命中率
8. 静态分离：将静态资源分离到独立路径
9. 连接保持：使用 keepalive 减少连接开销
10. 错误处理：配置友好的错误页面