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How to configure virtual hosts in Nginx? What are the configuration methods?

2月21日 16:56

How to configure virtual hosts in Nginx? What are the configuration methods?

Nginx virtual hosts allow multiple websites to run on the same server, distinguished by different domain names, ports, or IP addresses.

Domain-Based Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.php;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name test.com www.test.com;
    
    root /var/www/test.com;
    index index.html index.php;
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.error.log;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Port-Based Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 8080;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com/admin;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 8443 ssl;
    server_name example.com;
    
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;
    
    root /var/www/example.com/secure;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

IP-Based Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 192.168.1.100:80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 192.168.1.101:80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com/mirror;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Wildcard Domains:

nginx
# Match all subdomains
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name *.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/subdomains;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        # Use subdomain as directory name
        set $subdomain $host;
        if ($subdomain ~* ^(.*)\.example\.com$) {
            set $subdomain $1;
        }
        root /var/www/subdomains/$subdomain;
    }
}

# Match all domains (default virtual host)
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    server_name _;
    
    root /var/www/default;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        return 404;
    }
}

Regex Domains:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ~^(?<subdomain>.+)\.example\.com$;
    
    root /var/www/example.com/$subdomain;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.users\.example\.com$;
    
    root /var/www/users/$user;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

HTTPS Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    # Redirect to HTTPS
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;
    
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Shared Configuration for Multiple Domains:

nginx
# Define shared configuration
map $host $root_path {
    example.com /var/www/example.com;
    test.com /var/www/test.com;
    default /var/www/default;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com test.com;
    
    root $root_path;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Reverse Proxy Virtual Hosts:

nginx
upstream backend1 {
    server 192.168.1.100:8080;
    server 192.168.1.101:8080;
}

upstream backend2 {
    server 192.168.1.200:8080;
    server 192.168.1.201:8080;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name api.example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend1;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name admin.example.com;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend2;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

PHP Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.php index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
    
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
    
    location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

Static Site Virtual Hosts:

nginx
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name static.example.com;
    
    root /var/www/static;
    index index.html;
    
    # Enable Gzip compression
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript application/json application/javascript;
    
    # Static resource caching
    location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2|ttf|eot)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
    }
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

Virtual Host Configuration File Separation:

nginx
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
http {
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

# /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html;
    
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }
}

# Create symbolic link to enable site
# ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com

Virtual Host Best Practices:

  1. Separate configuration files: Use independent configuration files for each virtual host
  2. Naming conventions: Use domain name as configuration file name
  3. Separate logs: Use independent log files for each virtual host
  4. Default host: Configure default_server to handle unknown requests
  5. SSL configuration: Use HTTPS for all production environments
  6. Error pages: Configure custom error pages for each virtual host
  7. Security headers: Add security-related HTTP headers
  8. Performance optimization: Enable Gzip compression and caching

Complete Virtual Host Configuration Example:

nginx
# /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    # Redirect to HTTPS
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    
    # SSL configuration
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;
    
    # Root directory
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.php index.html;
    
    # Logs
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log;
    
    # Security headers
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    
    # Gzip compression
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml text/javascript application/json application/javascript;
    
    # Static resources
    location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        access_log off;
    }
    
    # PHP processing
    location ~ \.php$ {
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.0-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
    
    # Main routing
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
    
    # Deny access to hidden files
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
        access_log off;
        log_not_found off;
    }
}
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