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How to optimize the performance of Vercel applications?

2月21日 16:28

How to optimize the performance of Vercel applications?

Optimizing Vercel application performance is a multi-faceted task involving frontend build, resource loading, server-side rendering, caching strategies, and more. Here's a detailed guide to optimizing Vercel application performance from different perspectives.

Build Optimization

1. Code Splitting

Automatic Code Splitting:

Next.js and modern frontend frameworks automatically perform code splitting, but you can further optimize:

javascript
// Dynamic import of components
const HeavyComponent = dynamic(() => import('./HeavyComponent'), {
  loading: () => <LoadingSpinner />,
  ssr: false // Disable server-side rendering
});

export default function Page() {
  return <HeavyComponent />;
}

Route-Level Splitting:

  • Each route is automatically split into independent chunks
  • Only load code needed for current route
  • Leverage Next.js automatic splitting

2. Tree Shaking

Remove Unused Code:

javascript
// Avoid importing entire libraries
// ❌ Bad
import _ from 'lodash';

// ✅ Good
import { debounce } from 'lodash';

Use ES Modules:

  • Ensure using ES Module syntax
  • Configure "type": "module" in package.json
  • Use libraries that support tree shaking

3. Dependency Optimization

Analyze Bundle Size:

bash
# Use webpack-bundle-analyzer
npm install --save-dev @next/bundle-analyzer
javascript
// next.config.js
const withBundleAnalyzer = require('@next/bundle-analyzer')({
  enabled: process.env.ANALYZE === 'true',
});

module.exports = withBundleAnalyzer({
  // Other configurations
});

Optimization Strategies:

  • Remove unnecessary dependencies
  • Use lighter alternative libraries
  • Import large libraries on demand

Resource Loading Optimization

1. Image Optimization

Use next/image:

jsx
import Image from 'next/image';

export default function Hero() {
  return (
    <Image
      src="/hero.jpg"
      alt="Hero section"
      width={800}
      height={600}
      priority // First screen image
      placeholder="blur" // Blur placeholder
    />
  );
}

Optimization Tips:

  • Use modern formats like WebP, AVIF
  • Provide correct dimensions
  • Use priority attribute for first-screen images
  • Use placeholder to improve user experience

2. Font Optimization

Use next/font:

jsx
import { Inter } from 'next/font/google';

const inter = Inter({
  subsets: ['latin'],
  display: 'swap',
  variable: '--font-inter',
});

export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
  return (
    <html className={inter.variable}>
      <body>{children}</body>
    </html>
  );
}

Optimization Strategies:

  • Only load needed character sets
  • Use display: swap to avoid layout shift
  • Apply fonts using CSS variables

3. CSS Optimization

CSS-in-JS Optimization:

jsx
// Use styled-components
import styled from 'styled-components';

const Button = styled.button`
  background: ${props => props.theme.primary};
  color: white;
  padding: 10px 20px;
`;

CSS Modules:

  • Automatically extract and compress CSS
  • Avoid style conflicts
  • Better caching strategy

Rendering Strategy Optimization

1. Static Generation (SSG)

Use getStaticProps:

javascript
export async function getStaticProps() {
  const posts = await getPosts();
  return {
    props: { posts },
    revalidate: 3600, // ISR: Regenerate every hour
  };
}

Advantages:

  • Pre-render HTML
  • CDN caching
  • Extremely fast loading
  • Better SEO

2. Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)

On-Demand Revalidation:

javascript
export async function getStaticPaths() {
  const posts = await getPosts();
  return {
    paths: posts.map(post => ({
      params: { id: post.id }
    })),
    fallback: 'blocking'
  };
}

export async function getStaticProps({ params }) {
  const post = await getPost(params.id);
  return {
    props: { post },
    revalidate: 60, // Can regenerate after 60 seconds
  };
}

// API route for manual revalidation
// pages/api/revalidate.js
export default async function handler(req, res) {
  const { id } = req.query;
  await res.revalidate(`/posts/${id}`);
  res.json({ revalidated: true });
}

3. Server-Side Rendering (SSR)

Selective Use of SSR:

javascript
// Only use SSR for pages that need real-time data
export async function getServerSideProps() {
  const data = await fetchRealTimeData();
  return {
    props: { data }
  };
}

Optimization Strategies:

  • Only use SSR when necessary
  • Cache API responses
  • Use Streaming to reduce first-screen time

Caching Strategies

1. CDN Caching

Configure Cache Headers:

javascript
// vercel.json
{
  "headers": [
    {
      "source": "/static/:path*",
      "headers": [
        {
          "key": "Cache-Control",
          "value": "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Caching Strategies:

  • Static resources: Long-term caching
  • API responses: Short-term caching
  • HTML: Based on content changes

2. Data Caching

Use Vercel KV:

javascript
import { kv } from '@vercel/kv';

export async function getPosts() {
  const cached = await kv.get('posts');
  if (cached) {
    return JSON.parse(cached);
  }
  
  const posts = await fetchPosts();
  await kv.set('posts', JSON.stringify(posts), { ex: 3600 });
  return posts;
}

3. Client-Side Caching

Use SWR:

javascript
import useSWR from 'swr';

const fetcher = url => fetch(url).then(r => r.json());

function Posts() {
  const { data, error } = useSWR('/api/posts', fetcher, {
    revalidateOnFocus: false,
    revalidateOnReconnect: false,
    dedupingInterval: 60000
  });
  
  if (error) return <div>Error</div>;
  if (!data) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  return <PostsList posts={data} />;
}

Network Optimization

1. HTTP/2 and HTTP/3

Vercel automatically supports HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, no additional configuration needed.

Advantages:

  • Multiplexing
  • Header compression
  • Server push
  • Faster connection establishment

2. Preload and Preconnect

Preload Critical Resources:

jsx
export default function Document() {
  return (
    <Html>
      <Head>
        <link rel="preload" href="/fonts/main.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossOrigin="" />
        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://api.example.com" />
      </Head>
      <body />
    </Html>
  );
}

3. Reduce Requests

Merge Requests:

  • Use GraphQL to reduce request count
  • Batch API calls
  • Use request merging middleware

Performance Monitoring

1. Vercel Analytics

Integrate Analytics:

jsx
import { Analytics } from '@vercel/analytics/react';

export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
  return (
    <html>
      <body>
        {children}
        <Analytics />
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Monitoring Metrics:

  • Web Vitals (LCP, FID, CLS)
  • Page load time
  • User behavior analytics

2. Custom Monitoring

Performance Tracking:

javascript
export async function getServerSideProps() {
  const start = Date.now();
  const data = await fetchData();
  const duration = Date.now() - start;
  
  // Send to monitoring service
  await logMetric('data_fetch_duration', duration);
  
  return { props: { data } };
}

Edge Runtime Optimization

1. Use Edge Runtime

Configure Edge Runtime:

javascript
export const runtime = 'edge';

export default function handler(request) {
  return new Response('Hello from Edge!');
}

Advantages:

  • Faster cold starts
  • Lower latency
  • Global edge execution
  • Better performance

2. Edge Middleware

Use Middleware:

javascript
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server';

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  // Execute at edge, reduce latency
  const response = NextResponse.next();
  
  // Add custom headers
  response.headers.set('X-Custom-Header', 'value');
  
  return response;
}

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)'],
};

Database Optimization

1. Connection Pooling

Reuse Database Connections:

javascript
import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';

const globalForPrisma = global as unknown as { prisma: PrismaClient };

export const prisma = globalForPrisma.prisma || new PrismaClient();

if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
  globalForPrisma.prisma = prisma;
}

2. Query Optimization

Optimize Database Queries:

javascript
// Only select needed fields
const users = await prisma.user.findMany({
  select: {
    id: true,
    name: true,
    email: true
  }
});

// Use indexes
const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({
  where: { email: userEmail }
});

// Pagination
const users = await prisma.user.findMany({
  skip: 0,
  take: 10
});

Build Configuration Optimization

1. Next.js Configuration

Optimize next.config.js:

javascript
/** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */
const nextConfig = {
  // Enable compression
  compress: true,
  
  // Optimize images
  images: {
    formats: ['image/avif', 'image/webp'],
    deviceSizes: [640, 750, 828, 1080, 1200, 1920, 2048, 3840],
  },
  
  // Experimental features
  experimental: {
    optimizeCss: true,
  },
  
  // Production environment optimization
  productionBrowserSourceMaps: false,
  
  // Reduce output size
  swcMinify: true,
};

module.exports = nextConfig;

2. Webpack Configuration

Custom Webpack Configuration:

javascript
module.exports = {
  webpack: (config, { isServer }) => {
    // Optimize bundling
    config.optimization = {
      ...config.optimization,
      splitChunks: {
        chunks: 'all',
        cacheGroups: {
          default: false,
          vendors: false,
          vendor: {
            name: 'vendor',
            chunks: 'all',
            test: /node_modules/,
            priority: 20
          },
          common: {
            name: 'common',
            minChunks: 2,
            chunks: 'all',
            priority: 10,
            reuseExistingChunk: true,
            enforce: true
          }
        }
      }
    };
    
    return config;
  }
};

Deployment Optimization

1. Region Selection

Select Nearest Region:

json
{
  "regions": ["iad1"]
}

Available Regions:

  • iad1: US East
  • hkg1: Hong Kong
  • sin1: Singapore
  • And more

2. Build Cache

Leverage Vercel Cache:

  • Vercel automatically caches node_modules
  • Cache build artifacts
  • Use incremental builds

Best Practices Summary

1. Monitor and Analyze

  • Use Vercel Analytics to monitor performance
  • Regularly check Web Vitals
  • Analyze user behavior data
  • Identify performance bottlenecks

2. Continuous Optimization

  • Regularly review dependencies
  • Optimize images and fonts
  • Improve caching strategies
  • Test different rendering strategies

3. Performance Budget

  • Set performance budgets
  • Monitor bundle size
  • Limit resource loading time
  • Regularly perform performance audits

4. Test and Validate

  • Use Lighthouse for performance testing
  • Test under different network conditions
  • Monitor real user data (RUM)
  • Conduct A/B testing

Common Performance Issues and Solutions

1. Slow First Screen Load

Solutions:

  • Use SSG or ISR
  • Optimize critical rendering path
  • Preload critical resources
  • Use Skeleton loading states

2. High Interaction Latency

Solutions:

  • Reduce main thread work
  • Use Web Workers
  • Optimize JavaScript execution
  • Use debouncing and throttling

3. High Memory Usage

Solutions:

  • Optimize data loading
  • Use virtual lists
  • Clean up unused resources promptly
  • Avoid memory leaks

Through the above optimization strategies, you can significantly improve Vercel application performance and provide a better user experience. Remember, performance optimization is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring, analysis, and improvement.

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